The Effect of Probiotic and Prebiotic Supplements on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters and Skeletal Growth of Baluchi Male Lambs

پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران

Article 1, Volume 12, Issue 4 - Serial Number 44, March 2021, Pages 411-422   

Document Type: Ruminant Nutrition

DOI: 10.22067/ijasr.v12i4.75166

Authors

Masood Didarkhah^{* 1}; Moosa Vatandoost²

¹Faculty of Agriculture Sarayan, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

²Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IRAN

Abstract

Introduction[1] In recent years, the main policy in animal husbandry has been the use of livestock supplements with high production efficiency. To achieve this, in addition to using new and optimal nutrition methods, management can improve and accelerate efficiency-enhancing programs in livestock units by implementing various and appropriate methods and strategies. Due to the advances that have been made in the sheep and goat breeding industry, the need to use effective food additives to advance this goal and provide the nutrients needed for livestock has increased. On the other hand, rumen microbial population imbalances can play a major role in nutrient depletion. Several additives have been used to improve fermentation conditions in the rumen and increase the production of ruminant animals. These compounds include methane inhibitors, antibiotics, probiotics, growth factors and enzymes. The use of antibiotics in livestock has serious consequences such as bacterial resistance and intestinal disturbances. Therefore, the use of antibiotics is now limited in many countries and much effort is being made to find an alternative to antibiotics. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its microbial balance. A stable rumen environment is a key factor in achieving optimal milk production and animal health. Therefore, the use of additives that both reduce metabolic diseases in livestock and are useful in improving the microbial function of the rumen, is very necessary. Most of probiotic studies that were reported in the literatures used single or two strains probiotics rather that multi strains bacteria. Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which are not metabolized in the small intestine and fermented in large intestine. In this study, the effect of adding supplements on performance, blood metabolites and ruminal volatile fatty acids were investigated.
  Materials and methods Forty Baluchi male lambs were used in four completely randomized treatments for 90 days. Treatments included: control group (initial diet), probiotic group (initial diet + 0.5 gr probiotic), prebiotic group (initial diet + 2 gr prebiotic) and symbiotic group (initial diet + 0.5 gr Probiotic and 2 gr of prebiotic). The amount of feed consumed per sheep daily and weight gain was calculated and recorded during the whole period. In order to determine the concentration of some blood parameters, blood samples were taken from the cervical vertebrae at the end of the week. Blood samples were taken at nine o'clock in the morning (two hours after the morning meal) on weekdays. To measure the concentration of metabolites, plasma samples were melting at room temperature to determine the serum levels of serum cholesterol, glucose, albumin, triglyceride and total protein plasma from a biosorbent kit and an autoanalyzer (model A15, France). Sampling from ruminal fluid was done after four hours feeding in the morning and using an oral catheter on day 90 of the experiment. Measurement of skeletal parameters including chest circumference by placing a tape measure around the chest just behind the front legs and shoulder blade, body length (shoulder-to-shoulder position), height at the withers, height at the hip or height at the hips, and the distance between the two hip bones was determined using biometric calipers in the first and last weeks.
Results and discussion The results of this study showed that probiotic consumption had no significant effect on functional parameters of Baluch sheep including final weight, daily gain, feed intake and dietary intake. Plasma glucose concentration increased with increasing of probiotic content in the diets and there was a significant difference (P <0.05) with the control group, but this difference was not significant between supplemented probiotic diets and diets with significant prebiotic supplement. With the use of probiotic supplements in all groups of consumption, the pH of ruminal fluid of Baluchi sheep increased and there was a significant difference (P <0.05) with the control group. The concentration of acetate and ruminal propionate of sheep fed the probiotic supplement was higher than that of those who did not (P <0.05).Glucose and triglycerides, total plasma protein concentrations and plasma albumin were not affected by probiotic and prebiotic supplements in the diets and no significant differences were observed between diets.
  Conclusion In general, results of this experiment indicated that using probiotic and prebiotic supplements due to volatile fatty acids produced in this study improved ruminal fermentation, but supplementation could not have a significant effect on performance and skeletal growth indices in Baluchi sheep.

Keywords

Baluchi male lambs; Blood metabolites; Peribiotic; Probiotic; Symbiotic

References

1-Abe, F., N. Ishibashi and S. Shimamura. 1995. Effect of administration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria to newborn calves and piglets. Journal of Dairy Science, 78: 2838-2846.

2-Afshar Mazandaran, N. V., and A. Rajab. 2002. Probiotics and their application in feeding livestock and poultry. Nourbakhsh Publication. (In Persian).

3-Alipour, M., A. Azarfar., A. Kiani., and M. Khaladi .2017. Effect of adding monensin with and without metaphyses on rumen fermentation parameters and fatty acid pattern of fattening lambs of Farahani. Iranian Animal Science, 48 (1): 99-89. (In Persian).

4-Dehority, B. A. 1993. Laboratory manual for classification and morphology of rumen ciliate protozoa. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., ISBN: 0849348757, pp: 120.

5-Deka, R. S. 2009. Effect of probiotic Biobloom as growth promoter in kids. Indian Veterinary, 86(11): 1192-1193.

6-El-Hassan, S. M., C. J. New bold, and I. E. Edwards. 1996. Effect of yeast culture on rumen fermentation, microbial protein flow the rumen and live weight gain in bulls given high concentrate diets. Animal Production Science, 62:43-48.

7-Enjalbert, F., J. E. Garrett, R. Moncoulon, C. Bajourthe, and P. Chicoteau. 1999. Effects of yeast culture (saccharomyces cerevisiae) on ruminal digestion in non-lactating dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 183: 140–151.

8-Firouznia, H. 2013. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the production, composition of milk and blood parameters in Holstein lactating cows. Master thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University. (In Persian).

9-Fox, S. 1988. Probiotics: intestinal inoculants for production animals. Veterinary medicine, 45(8): p. 28-69.

10-Frizzo, L. S., M. V. Zbruna., L. P. Sotoa., and M. L. Signorinibb. 2011. Effects of probiotics on growth performance in young calves: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 169: 147–156.

11-Fujiwara, K., M., Yamazaki., H. Abe., K. Nakashima., Y. Yakabe., M. Otsuka., Y. Ohbayashi., Y. Kato., K. Namai., A. Toyoda., Y. Miyaguchi., and Y. Nakamura. 2009. Effect of Bacillus subtilis var. natto fermented soybean on growth performance, microbial activity in the caeca and cytokine gene expression of domestic meat type chickens. The Journal of Poultry Science, 46:116–122.

12-Girard, I. D. 1995. Stimulation of ruminal bacteria by difference fractions derived from culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026. Journal of Animal Science, 73: (Supp1.1): 264 (Abstr).

13-Hobson, P. N., and C. S. Stewart. 1997. The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. Blackie Academics and Professional, Suffolk. UK, pp: 140-195.

14-Hood, S., and E. Zoitola. 1988. Effect of low pH on the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus to survive and adhere to human intestinal cells. Journal of Food Science, 53(5): p. 1514-1520.

15-Hossein Abadi, M., M. Dehghan Banadaki., and A. Zali. 2013. Effect of adding probiotic bacteria in milk or initial feed on growth performance, health condition, blood and stomatal parameters of Holstein calves. Animal production research, 8: 69-57 (In Persian).

16-Krehbiel, C. R., S. R. Rust., G. Zhang., and S. E. Gilliland. 2003. Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: Performanceresponse and mode of action. Journal of Animal Science, 81: 120-132.

17-Lesmeister, K., A. Heinrichs, and M. Gabler. 2004. Effects of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture on rumen development, growth characteristics, and blood parameters in neonatal dairy calves. Journal of dairy science, 87(6): 1832-1839.

18-Morrison, S. J., S. Dawson., and A. F. Carson. 2010. The effects of mannan oligosaccharide and Streptococcus faecium addition to milk replacer on calf health and performance. Livestock Science, 131: 292-296.

19-Newman, K .1994. Mannan-oligosaccharides: Natural polymers with significant impact on the gastrointestinal microflora and the immune system. Biotechnolofrv in the Feed Industry-Proceedings of Alltech's Tenth Annual Symposium TP Lyons and KA Jacques (Eds) Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. 28(15): 723-740.

20-Nikkhah, A., M. Dehghan-banadaki., and A. Zali. 2004. Effects of feeding yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) on productive performance of lactating Holstein dairy cows. Iranian Journal of Agriculture, 35: 53-60. (In Persian).

21-Nisbet, D. J., and S. A. Martin.1991. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on lactate utilization by the ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium. journal of Animal Science, 69: 4628-4633.

22-Nomoto, K. 2005. Prevention of infections by probiotics. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 100: 583–592.

23-Novak, K. N., E. Davis., C. A. Wehnes., D. R.  Shields., J. A. Coalson., A. H. Smith., and T. G. Rehberger. 2012. Effect of supplementation with an electrolyte containing a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial on immune development in dairy calves. Research in Veterinary Science, 92: 427–434.

24-Ozkaya, S. and Y. Bozkurt. 2008. The relationship of parameters of body measures and body weight by using digital image analysis in pre-slaughter cattle. Archiv Tierzucht, 51: 120-128

25-Parayad, A. S. 2004. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on digestibility and performance of dietary lambs containing bagasse in broiler chickens. Master's Thesis. Razi University of Kermanshah. 111-125. (In Persian).

26-Pieper, R., P. Janczyk., V. Urubschurov., U. Korn., B. Pieper., and W. B. Souffrant. 2009. Effect of a single oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum DSMZ 8862/8866 before and at the time point of weaning on intestinal microbial communities in piglets. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 130: 227–232.

27-Piva, G., S. Belladonna, G. Fusconi and F. Sicoaldi. 1993. Effects of yeast on dairy cow performance, ruminal fermentation, blood composition and milk manufacturing properties. Journal of Dairy Science, 76:2717-2722.

28-Riddell, J. B., A. J. Gallegos., D. L. Harmon., and K. R. Mcleod .2010. Addition of a Bacillus based probiotic to the diet of pre ruminant calves: influence on growth, health, and blood parameters. Intern. Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 8: 78-85.

29-Saremi, B., A. A. Naserian, M. Bannayan, and F. Shahriary. 2004. Effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on rumen bacterial population and performance of Holstein female calves. Agricultural Sciences and Technology, 18: 91-103.

30-SAS, Institute .2003. SAS user‘s Guide. Version 9.1 ed. SAS Institute Inc.

31- Cary, N. C., L. D. Satter., and L. L. Slyter. 1974. Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro.  British Journal of Nutrition, 32:199–208.

32-Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson., and B. A. Lewis. 1991. methods of ditary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:3583.

33-Zhang, R., M. Zhou., Y. Tu., N. F. Zhang., K. D. Deng., T. Ma., and Q. Y. Diao. 2015. Effect of oral administration of probiotics on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and stress-related indicators in Holstein calves. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100: 33–38.

34-Zhang, A.W., B. D. Lee., S. K. Lee., K. W. Lee., G. H An., K. B. Song., and C. H. Lee. 2005. Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell componets on growth performance, meat quality, and lleal mucosa development of broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 84: 1015-1021.