اثر حجم نقدینگی بر فساد در کشورهای منتخب حوزه منا

اقتصاد پولی مالی

مقاله 7، دوره 27، شماره 19، خرداد 1399، صفحه 165-192   

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/mfe.2021.39357

نویسندگان

محمد شریف کریمی^{* 1}؛ آزاده شهاب²

¹استادیار اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد و کار آفرینی،دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه.ایران

²دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد و کار آفرینی،دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه.ایران

چکیده

مهم­ترین آثار فساد در کشورهای درحال­توسعه این است که تلاش­های رقابت پذیری و فقرزدایی را ناکام می­سازد، موجب بی­اعتمادی مردم به دولت حاکم می­شود؛ با گسترش فساد عدالت در جامعه کمرنگ شده و جای خود را به فقر و کاهش رفاه افراد جامعه می­دهد. فساد به یکی از عوامل تأثیرگذار سد راه توسعه بخصوص در کشورهای عمده تولید کننده نفت تبدیل شده است؛ لذا شناخت و راه­های مقابله با آن در صدر برنامه­های توسعه قرار گرفته است. نقدینگی متغیر مهمی در اقتصاد است؛ رشد نقدینگی به دلایل مختلفی از جمله کسری بودجه دولت و استقراض از بانک مرکزی، افزایش نامتعارف سود بانکی و ... است. اگر نقدینگی واردکانال تولید شود موجب افزایش حجم تولید ناخالص داخلی و افزایش اشتغال و رشد می­شود؛ اما افزایش نقدینگی همراه با سرعت بالای گردش پول باعث توزیع رانت و فساد در کشور می­گردد. در بیشتر مطالعات صورت گرفته در زمینه علل فساد و راه­های مقابله با آن اغلب بر نقش دولت تأکید شده است و نقش بانک مرکزی و سیستم پرداخت در یک کشور نادیده گرفته شده است. با توجه به اهمیت اقتصادی و جغرافیایی کشورهای عمده تولید کننده نفت در این پژوهش به بررسی تأثیر نقدینگی بر فساد کشورهای منطقه منا طی سال­های 2005-2018 با استفاده از روش گشتاور تعمیم یافته (GMM) پرداخته شده است. نتایج نشان می­دهد میزان فساد دوره قبل و نقدینگی دوره جاری بر فساد تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد. میزان تولید ناخالص داخلی بیشترین متغیرتأثیرگذار بر فساد کشورهای منا است؛ یک درصد افزایش تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه میزان فساد را به میزان 4.5 درصد کاهش می­دهد. نتایج این تحقیق در جهت­دهی سیاست­های بانک مرکزی و دولت ­های حاکم در هر کشور مفید می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

فساد؛ نقدینگی؛ گشتاور تعمیم یافته؛ تولید ناخالص داخلی

مراجع

Arellano, M., Bond, S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations,” Review of Economic Studies, 58, 2, 277-97.

[2] Bai, C.E., S.J, Wei. (2000) . Quality of bureaucracy and open economy macro policies. NBER Working Paper, No.7766.

[3] Baltagi, B. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data. 4 th edition, NewYork: John Wiley and Sons.

[4] Bardhan, P., (1997). Corruption and development: a review of issues. J. Econ. Lit. 35 (3), 1320–1346.

[5]Blundell, R., Bond, S. (1998). Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 1, 115-43.

[6] Bohara, A K., Mitchell, N J., Mittendorff, CF. (2004). Compound democracy and the control of corruption: a cross-country investigation. Policy Study, Vol.32, No.4, pp.481–499.

[7] Chowdhury, S.K. (2004). The effect of democracy and press freedom on corruption: an empirical test. Econ. Lett. 85 (1), 93–101.

[8] Cukierman, A., Edwards, S., Tabellini, G. (1992). Seigniorage and political instability. American Economic Review, 82(3): 537-555.

[9] Dehmardeh, N., Alizadeh, M., Zeidizadeh, S. (2012). Investigating the effect of government size on corruption; emphasizing the role of democracy in the Mena region. Journal of Regional Economics and Development. Volume 19(4). (In Persian).

[10] Delangizan, S., Karimi, Ms., Khalondi, Z. (2013). The effect of the Corruption Perceptions Index on economic growth based on cross-country segregation in the area of ​​economic freedom by the Generalized Torque (GMM) method. Quarterly Journal of Economic Sciences. Volume 7(24). (In Persian).

[11] Ebbes, P. (2007). A non-technical guide to instrumental variables and regressor-error dependencies. Penn State University, University Park, PA  16802, USA.

[12] Ebeke, C., Omgba, L. D., Laajaj, R. (2015). Oil, governance and the (mis) allocation of talent in developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 114: 126-141.

[13] Fadaei, M., Gholipour Moghadam, F., Ghaffari, S. (2017). Study of the effect of good governance indicators and government size on the corruption index in the BRICS countries and Iran. Public Management Perspective. No 32. (In Persian).

 [15] Fazeli, M. (1999). Introduction to Measuring Corruption. Publisher: Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. First Edition. (In Persian).

[16] Ghadimi, M., Rabiee, M., Davani, A. (2019). The Impact of Corruption and Central Bank Independence on Money Volume in Iran: Using the Model (STAR). Quarterly Journal of Econometric Modeling. Volume 4(3). (In Persian).

[17] Gallup Institute (1999). Basic Methodological aspects of corruption measurement: Lessons learned from the literature and the pilot Study.

[18] Gol Khandan, A., Khansari, M., Golkhandan, D. (2015). Militarism and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Mena Region Countries in a Dynamic Panel Model. Journal of Economic Growth and Development. 15(18). (In Persian).

[19] Goel, Rajeev K., Mehrotra, A N. (2012). Financial payment instruments and corruption. Applied Financial Economics, 2012, 22, 877–886.

[20] González, E., Rodríguez, F., Rivero, S. (2014). An empirical examination of the determinants of the shadow economy”. Applied Economics Letters Volume 21, Issue 5.

[21] Greene, W.H. (2008). Econometric Analysis. 6th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.

 [22] Habibi, N.(1996). Corruption (effective factors and methods of struggle). First Edition. Vosaghi Press. Tehran. (In Persian).

[23] Hall, S., Cox, R. (2003). Government, Corruption and Social Opportunities. Translation: Hossein Raghfar. Publisher: Naghsh va Negar. First Edition. (In Persian).

[24] Hamdami Khotbehsara, A. (2008). Corruption (causes, contexts and strategies to combat it)". Research Institute for Nonprofit Strategic Studies. (In Persian).

[25] Hesami A., Yousefi, J. (2014). Factors Affecting Corruption in Developing Countries. The first national conference on Iranian Islamic economics, management and culture. December 10, 2014. (In Persian).

[26] Hill, KQ. (2003). Democratization and corruption—systematic evidence from the American states”. American Politics Research, Vol. 31, No.6, PP.613–631.

[27] Homayouni, G. (2009). Methods of measuring corruption. The General Inspection Organization of the country." Second year research report, number seven. (In Persian).

[28] Izadkhasti, H. (2016). Analyzing the effects of corruption and quality of Governance on Tax System Performance: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach, development policy, Volume 4 (10). (In Persian).

 [29] Jalili, M. (2018). Indicators for measuring corruption. Report code: 97- 121. Center for Presidential Strategic Studies. (In Persian).

[30] Karimi Petanlar, S., Jafari Samimi, A., Rezaei, R. (2010). The Effect of Corruption on Tax Revenues: A Case Study of Selected Developing Countries. Economic Policies. Volume 8(1). (In Persian).

[31] Kaufmann, D., Arat, K., Massimo, M., (2006). Measuring Corruption. Myths and Realities. 2, 1.

[32] Kotera, G., Okada, K., Samreth, S. (2010). A study on the relationship between corruption and government size: the role of democracy. Munich Personal RePEc Archive.

[33] Lambsdorff, J. G., Teksoz, S. U. (2004) Corrupt relational contracting in The New Institutional Economics of Corruption (Eds) J. G. Lambsdorff, M. Schramm and M. Taube, Rutledge, New York, pp. 138–51.

[34] Lio, M.-C., Liu, M.-C., Ou, Y.-P.,) 2011(.Can the internet reduce corruption? A cross-country study based on dynamic panel data models. Gov. Inf. Q. 28 (1), 47–53.

[35] Lockwood, M. (2010). Good governance for terrestrial protected areas: A framework, principles and performance outcomes. Journal of Environmental Management, 91; 754–766.

[36] Martinez, R., Iyer, V. (2011). Openness and Inflation: Evidence from The  Seven  Largest  American  Economies,  International  Business  and  Economic.  Research Journal, 10(3): 51-57.

[37] Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. Q. J. Econ, Vol.110, No.3, pp.681–712.

[38] Mohseni Zanozi, S-J., Hekmati, F., Talibpour, S. (2016). The effect of controlling corruption and increasing liquidity on the economic growth of selected developing countries". Quarterly Journal of Economics and Modeling. Volume 7, Number 28. (In Persian).

[39] Morris, S., Klesner, J. (2010). Corruption and Trust: Theoretical Considerations and Evidence from Mexico. Comparative Political Studies, 43(10): 1258–1285.

[40] Naebi, H., Safari, S. (2001). Different approaches to fighting corruption. Proceedings of the second scientific and research conference on supervision and inspection in the country. August 2001. (In Persian).

[41] Poursalimi M., Keikha M., Salmani, K. (2016). Innovating a Modern Model for Estimating the Amount of Money Laundering in Iran (The Application of Numerical and Inverse Problem Methods in Economy). FINANCIAL MONETARY ECONOMICS, 23(11), 215-238. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/pm.v23i11.39913

[42] Rahmani, T., Isfahani, P. (2015). Study of Factors Affecting the Formation of Corruption with Emphasis on the Combination of Economic Activities, Study of Developing Countries". Quarterly Journal of Economic Research and Policy. 24(78). (In Persian).

[43] Rafipour, F. (2001). Social Cancer Corruption. Joint Stock Press. Tehran. (In Persian).

[44] Sadeghi, S-K., Fashari, M. (2011). Study of the effect of corruption perception index on inflation rate Case study: MENA countries. Rah-e Andisheh Economic Research Quarterly. Winter, 4(2). (In Persian).

[45] Seldadyo, H., de Haan, [] J.  (2006). the determinants of corruption: A literature survey and new evidence. Paper prepared for the 2006 EPCS Conference, Turku, Finland, 20-23 April 2006.

[46] Song, C-Q., Chang, C-P., Gong, Q. (2020). Economic growth, corruption, and financial development: Global evidence. Economic Modelling. 12(8).

 [47] Sozanroz, A. (2006). Corruption and government causes, consequences and reform, Translated by Sabori, Pardaesh Press. Tehran. (In Persian).

[48] Tanzi, V. , (1998). Corruption around the world: causes, consequences, scope, and cures. IMF Staff Papers, 45(4), pp. 559–94.

[49] Torrez, J. (2002). The effect of openness on corruption. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development”, 11(4): pp.387-403.

[50] Trabelsi, M A., Trabelsi, H. (2019). At what level of corruption doeseconomic growth decrease?” Journal of Financial Crime. 3(1).

[51] Treisman, D., (2007). What have we learned about the causes of corruption from ten years of cross-national empirical research?” Ann. Rev. Polit. Sci.10 (1).