Effect of UV Radiation on Growth, Morphology and Phenology of Three Cornflower Cultivars (Centaurea cyanus)

علوم باغبانی

Article 8, Volume 35, Issue 3 - Serial Number 51, June 2021, Pages 413-425   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jhs.2021.61939.0

Authors

Mehdi Rastegar¹; Hassan Mumivand^{* 1}; Alireza Shayganfar²; Abdolhossein Rezaei Nejad¹

¹Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

²Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Malayer University, malayer, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: In the last decades, human activities have had adverse effects on the atmosphere and the stratospheric ozone layer, resulting in an increase in the ultraviolet radiation on the ground, especially in highlands. Among living organisms, plants are the most exposed to ultraviolet rays due to their high and unavoidable need to light for photosynthesis, and are therefore more vulnerable to them. Plants show different responses to ambient UV radiation. The response of plants to ultraviolet light is manifested in two general ways, including tolerating the destructive effects of this radiation or/and avoiding it. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet light on growth, morphological and phenological characteristics of three cornflower cultivars under greenhouse conditions in 2018.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was performed as a split plot in a completely randomized design. Ultraviolet light was considered as the first factor in four levels (including: control, ultraviolet –A radiation, ultraviolet -B radiation and ultraviolet A + B radiations) and three cornflower cultivars (including: ‘Kornblume pink’, ‘Kornblume rot’ and ‘Kornblume blau’) as the second factor. The UV treatment was applied by lamps made by Q-Lab Co, USA. It should be noted that the 40-watt lamps used in this study were broadband and had the highest compliance with ultraviolet B (in the case of UV-B lamps) and ultraviolet A (in the case of UV-A lamps) received from the sun on the ground. So they provided the best possible simulation. During the growth period of plants, phenological traits were recorded and morphological traits and biomass traits were measured at the end of the experiment.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that UV-B radiation and simultaneous application of UV-A and UV-B radiations resulted in the reduction of the most morphological traits and yield traits including plant height, internode length, leaf width, leaf area, flowering stem length, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf dry weight, flower dry weight and number of flowers. However, flower yield was not affected by ultraviolet radiations. UV-A treatment reduced the flowering stem length and fresh and dry weight of plant in compared to the control treatment, but it had no significant effect on plant height, leaf width, leaf dry weight, flower dry weight and number of flowers. Plants response to ultraviolet radiation is very different. In many species, it has been observed that UV-A does not have a negative effect on plant growth, while, UV-B reduced the growth and yield of plants. It seems that the main reason for the reduction of plant growth and production is prevention of cell division caused by ultraviolet radiation. Degradation of plant pigments (chlorophyll) is also one of the main reason of photosynthesis decrease led to plant growth and yield reduction. The results of the present study showed that the application of UV-A reduced the number of days until the emersion of the first flower bud and the number of days until the opening of the first flower in cornflower cultivars compared to the control. UV-B treatment forced cornflowers to earlier flowering than UV-A. However, the fastest entry into the reproductive and flowering phase of cornflower cultivars was observed with the simultaneous application of UV-A and B radiations. Plants mechanisms against environmental stresses mainly depend on their origin and genetic factors. These mechanisms include three main strategies including “avoidance”, “tolerance” and “escaping”. One of the most important ways to reduce the life cycle is early flowering. It seems that the process of early flowering and completing the growth in cornflower species is a kind of stress escaping under ultraviolet radiation stress.
Conclusion: In this study, ultraviolet radiation reduced the growth and development of all three species of cornflowers. However, UV-A treatment showed the least negative effect on flower yield of plants. On the contrary, UV-B radiation and simultaneous application of UV-A and UV-B radiations reduced the growth and development of cornflowers, but did not have any significant negative effect on the flower yield (as the main useable organ of plant). Therefore, it seems that the ultraviolet radiation can be considered as a positive factor due to its positive effects on the production of secondary metabolites and early flowering and lack of significant negative effects on plant flower yield. Finally, ‘Kornblume pink’ cultivar, with higher flower yield and earlier flowering, is more suitable for cultivation than other cultivars.

Keywords

Environmental change; Medicinal plants; Ultraviolet A; Ultraviolet B

References

• Agrawal S.B., Rathore D., and Singh A. 2004. Effect of supplemental Ultraviolet-B and mineral nutrients on growth, biomass allocation and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Tropical Ecology 45: 315–325.
• Agrawal S.B., Singh S., and Kumari R. 2009. Effects of supplemental ultraviolet-b radiation on growth and physiology of Acorus calamus (sweet flag). Acta biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica 51(2): 19-27.
• Bernal M., Verdaguer D., Badosa J., Abadía A., Llusia J., Penuelas J., Nunez-Olivera E., and Llorens L. 2015. Effects of enhanced UV radiation and water availability on performance, biomass production and photoprotective mechanisms of Laurus nobilis seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany 109: 264–275.
• Booji-James I.S., Dubes S.K., Jansen M.A.K., Edelman M., and Mattoo A.K. 2000. Ultraviolet-B radiation impacts light-mediated turnover of the photosystem II reaction center heterodimer in Arabidopsis mutant altered in phenolic metabolisms. Journal of Plant Physiology 124: 1275-1283.
• Buchholz G., Ehmann B., and Wellman E. 1995. Ultraviolet light inhibition of phytochorome induced flavonoid biosynthesis and DNA photolyase formation in mustard cotyledons (Synapis alba). Plant Physiology 108: 227-234.
• Damian J. , Nogues S., and Baker N.R. 1998. Ozone depletion and increased UV-B radiation: Is there a real threat to photosynthesis? Journal of Experimental Botany 9(328): 1775-1788.
• Darras A.I., Demopoulos V., Bali I., and Tiniakou C. 2012. Photomorphogenic reactions in geranium (Pelargonium x hortotum) plants stimulated by brief exposures of Ultraviolet-C irradiation. Plant Growth Regulation 68(3): 343-350.
• Farooq M., Shankar U., Ray R.S., Agrawel N., Verma, K., and Hans R.K. 2005. Morphological and metabolic alterations in duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza on long term low level chronic exposure. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 62: 408–414.
• Hopkins L, Bond M.A., and Tobin A.K. 2002. Ultraviolet-B radiation reduces the rates of cell division and elongation in the primary leaf of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Maris Huntsman). Plant Cell and Environment 25: 617–624.
• Horii A., Mccup P., and Shetty K. 2007. Enhancement of seed vigour following insecticide and phenolic elicitor treatment. Bioresour Technology 98: 623-632.
• Kataria S., P. Dehariya, K. N. Guruprasad and G. P. Pandey. 2012. Effect of exclusion of ambient solar UV-A/B components on growth and antioxidant respose of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica 54(2): 47-53.
• Kaur H., Mukherjee S., Baluska F., and Bhatla S. 2015. Regulatory roles of serotonin and melatonin in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Signaling Behavior 10: 1-8.
• Keiller D.R., and Holmes M.G. 2001. Effects of long-term exposure to elevated UV-B radiation on the photosynthetic performance of five broad-leaved tree species. Photosynthesis Research 67(3): 229-40.
• Krizek D.T., Britz S.J., and Mirecki R.M. 1998. Inhibitiry effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cv. New Red Fire Lettuce. Physiologia Plantarum 103: 1-7.
• Kumari R., and Agrawal S.B. 2010. Supplemental UV-B induced changes in leaf morphology, physiology, and secondary metabolites of an Indian aromatic plant Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Staph under natural field conditions. International Journal of Environmental Studies 67: 655-675.
• Kuś P.M., Jerković I., Tuberoso C.I.G, Marijanović Z., Congiu F. 2014. Corn-flower (Centaurea cyanus) honey quality parameters: chromato- graphic fingerprints, chemical biomarkers, antioxidant capacity and others. Food Chemistry 142: 8-12.
• Larkum A.W.D., and Wood W.F. 1993. The effect of UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and respiration of phytoplankton, benthic macroalgae and seagrasses, Photosynthesis Research 36: 17-23.
• Maffei M., Canova D., Bertea C.M., and Scannerini S. 1999. UV-A effects on photomorphogenesis and essential-oil composition in Mentha piperita. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology 52: 105-110.
• Mahdavian K., Ghorbanli M., Kalantari Kh.M., and Mohamadi Gh. The effect of different UV bands on physiological and morphological factors of pepper (Capsicum annum). Iranian Biology Quarterly 19(1): 43-48. (In Persian with English abstract)
• McKenzie R.L., Aucamp P.J., Bais A.F., Björn L.O., and Ilyas M., 2007. Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Journal of Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences 6(3): 218–231.
• Mohammadi V.A., Zarei H., and Mousavizadeh S.J. 2020. Morphological and biochemical responses of basil under B- and and lack of irrigation in greenhouse conditions. Journal of Greenhouse Crop Science and Technology 11(1): 85-101. (In Persian with English abstract)
• Mollai S., Abedini M., and Daei Hassani B. 2014. Effect of UV radiation on some physiological parameters of parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Thesis for the degree of MA, Plant Science, Plant physiology orientation, Payame Noor University of Tabriz. (In Persian)
• Mozaffarian V. 2015. Recognition of medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran. Farhang Moaser Publications, Tehran.
• Nasibi F., Manouchehri Kalantari K., and Rashidi Ravari M. 2003. Investigation of physiological and morphological changes in some growth parameters due to UV-A, UV-B and UV-C UV radiation in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Journal of Research and Construction in Agriculture and Horticulture 60: 97-103. (In Persian)
• Pourakbar L., and Abedzadeh M. 2014. The effect of UV-B and UV-C radiations on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in (Melissa officinalis) and the effect of salicylic acid in reducing the stress caused by ultraviolet radiations, Plant Biology of Iran 6(21): 23-34. (In Persian with English abstract)
• Qandali Doost Z., Hosseini S., and Jamei R. 2010. Investigation of growth parameters and physiological factors of Cannabis indica under the influence of different UV bands, National Conference on Biodiversity and its impact on agriculture and environment, National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, Urmia, Iran. (In Persian)
• Ros J. 1990. On the effect of UV-radiation on elongation growth of sunflower seedlings (Helianthus annuus) (Thesis) 1-157 in Karlsr, Beitr. Entw.Okophysiol, 8, Tevini, M. (ed.), Bot. Inst. II, Karlsruhe.
• Santos I., Fidalgo F., Almeida J.M., and Salema R., 2004. Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in leaves of potato plants grown under supplementary UV-B radiation. Plant Science 167: 925–935.
• Shahbodaghloo A., Azizi A., Sarikhani H., and Rajabi M. 2015. Effects of UV-A radiation on Antioxidant Capacity, Cinnarine, and Some Morphological Characteristics of Three Artichoke Cultivars. Journal of Greenhouse Crop Science and Technology 7(28): 97-109. (In Persian)
• Shavrukov Y., Kurishbayev A., Jatayev S., Shvidchenko V., Zotova L., Koekemoer F., de Groot S., Soole K., and Langridge P. 2017. Early Flowering as a Drought Escape Mechanism in Plants: How Can It Aid Wheat Production? Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 1-8.
• Shayganafar A., Azizi M., and Rasooli M. 2017. Investigation of the effects of different levels of ultraviolet radiation with the application of different antioxidant compounds on the morphological, phenological, physiological and phytochemical reactions of three species of thyme, Ph.D. Thesis, Horticultural Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad. (In Persian)
• Shayganfar A., Azizi M., and Rasouli M. 2018. Various strategies elicited and modulated by elevated UV-B radiation and protectant compounds in Thymus species: Differences in response over treatments, acclimation and interaction. Industrial Crops and Products 113: 298-307.
• Tohidi Moghadam H.R., Sani B., Sheybani H.A., and Modarres Sanavy S.M.A. 2016. Effect of elevated CO₂, drought stress and ultra violet on quantity and quality characteristics in two autumn cultivars of canola (Brassica napus). Journal of Environmental Sciences 14(3): 57-72. (In Persian with English abstract)
• Torre s., Olsen J, , Roro A.G., and Terfa M.P. 2014. Effects of UV radiation on growth and postharvest characteristics of three pot rose cultivars grown at different altitudes. Scientia Horticulturae 178: 184-191.
• Tsormpatsidis E., Henbest R.G.C., Davis F.J., Battey N.H., Hadley P., and Wagstaffe A. 2008. UV irradiance as a major influence on growth, development and secondary products of commercial importance in Lollo Rosso lettuce ‘‘Revolution’’ grown under polyethylene films. Environmental and Experimental Botany 63: 232–239.
• Turunen M., Hiller W., Sttich S., Sandermann H., Sutinen M.L, and Norokorpi Y. 1999. The effect of UV exclusion on the soluble phenolics of young Scots pine seedlings in the subarctic. Environmental Pollution 106: 219-228.
• Ulm R., and Jenkins G. 2015. Question and answer: How do plants sense and respond to UV-B radiation? BMC Biology 13: 1-6.
• Verdaguer D., Jansen M.A., Llorens L., Morales L.O., and Neugart S. 2017. UV-A radiation effects on higher plants: Exploring the known unknown”. Plant Science 255: 72–81.
• Zargari A. 1996. Medicinal Plants Volume III. Institute of Printing and Publishing, University of Tehran. Tehran. (In Persian)
• Zhang W.J., and Björn L.O. 2009. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the accumulation of medicinal compounds in plants. Fitoterapia 80: 207-218.