The Critical Control Point of Aspergillus spp. Aflatoxin Contamination in Smallholder Dairy Farms

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology

دوره 16، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 36، آذر 2024، صفحه 78-84   

نوع مقاله: Research Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/ijvst.2024.88257.1385

نویسندگان

Sadam Suliman Mohamed Yousof¹؛ Ratmawati Malaka^{* 2}؛ Sudirman Baco³؛ Jamila Mustabi⁴؛ Rizky Widiyanty Kadir⁵

¹Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Gadarif University, Gadarif, Sudan & Department of Animal Production, Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

²Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

³Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

⁴Department of Nutrition and Animal Feed, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

⁵Graduate Student of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

چکیده

Feed and food contamination by toxigenic fungi and their aflatoxins is one of the main threats to animal and human health worldwide and in the agricultural and industrial sectors. This study evaluated the contamination magnitude by Aspergillus species in dairy farms, aflatoxin AFB1 in cow feeds, and aflatoxin AFM1 in milk and local cheese (Dangke). One hundred twenty-two swabs from farms, 12 roughage feeds, 16 concentrated feeds, 39 fresh cow milk, and six cheese samples were analyzed for Aspergillus spp., AFB1, and AFM1 contamination. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were detected in 13.93% and 7.38% of the swab samples, respectively. The roughage feeds showed low levels of AFB1, detected in 8.33% with contamination of 7.32 µ/kg, while concentrated feed was detected in 37.5% of specimens, with contamination levels of 27.8 µg/kg. Aflatoxin AFM1 was detected in raw milk samples and represented approximately 69.2% of samples, with a mean of 7.31 µg/kg. All local cheese samples were free of AFM1. There were critical points regarding HACCP inside the farms, which play significant roles in contamination by fungi and aflatoxins. Fungal contamination and aflatoxins pose dangerous public health problems to humans, especially infants and older people. Therefore, monitoring programs for mycotoxins are critical in reducing contamination.

کلیدواژه‌ها

AFB1؛ AFM1؛ Aspergillus spp؛ Food contamination؛ HACCP

مراجع

1.    Aasa AO, Fru FF, Adelusi OA, Oyeyinka SA, Njobeh PB. A review of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in feeds and food commodities in West Africa. World Mycotoxin J. 2023;16(1):33–47. Doi: 10.3920/WMJ2021.2766.
2.    Janik E, Niemcewicz M, Ceremuga M, Stela M, Saluk-bijak J, Siadkowski A, Bijak M. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;8187:1–21. Doi: 10.3390/ijms21218187.
3.    Yang C, Song G, Lim W. Effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed on farm animals. J Hazard Mater. 2020;389(October 2019):122087. Doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122087.
4.    Claudious G, Sheperd M, Charles MT, Prosper J, Jerikias M. Isolation of AspergillusFlavus from Dairy Cattle Feed and Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Small Dairy Farms around Harare, Zimbabwe. HSOA Advances in Microbiology Research. 2019;3(009):2–7. Doi: 10.24966/AMR-694X/100009.
5.    Izzo L, Mikušová P, Lombardi S, Sulyok M, Ritieni A. Analysis of Mycotoxin and Secondary Metabolites in Commercial and Traditional Slovak Cheese Samples. Toxins. 2022;14(2):1–12. DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020134.
6.    Pereira CS, Cunha SC, Fernandes JO. Prevalent mycotoxins in animal feed: Occurrence and analytical methods. Toxins. 2019;11(5). Doi: 10.3390/toxins11050290.  
7.    Djekic I, Petrovic J, Jovetic M, Redzepovic-Djordjevic A, Stulic M, Lorenzo JM, Iammarino M, Tomasevic I. Aflatoxins in milk and dairy products: Occurrence and exposure assessment for the serbian population. Applied Sciences. 2020;10(21):1–17. Doi: 10.3390/app10217420.
8.    Omotayo OP, Omotayo AO, Babalola OO, Mwanza M. Comparative study of aflatoxin contamination of winter and summer ginger from the North West Province of South Africa. Toxicol Rep. 2019;6(December 2018):489–95. Doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.05.011.
9.    Ochieng PE, Scippo ML, Kemboi DC, Croubels S, Okoth S, Kang’ethe EK, et al. Mycotoxins in poultry feed and feed ingredients from sub-saharan africa and their impact on the production of broiler and layer chickens: A review. Toxins. 2021;13(9). Doi: 10.3390/toxins13090633. 
10.    Javadikasgari H, Soltesz EG, Gillinov AM. Surgery for Atrial Fibrillation: Atlas of Cardiac Surgical Techniques. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, USA: Elsevier; 2018. Doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-46294-5.00028-5.
11.    Rodríguez-Blanco M, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V, Marín S. Mycotoxins occurrence and fungal populations in different types of silages for dairy cows in Spain. Fungal Biol. 2021;125(2):103–14. Doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.08.006.
12.    Motbaynor A, Kassaye D, Keffale M, Wasihun P. Magnitude of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Species, Level of Aflatoxin B1, and Associated Factors in Stored Feed at Poultry Farms in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int. 2021;2021:1–11. Doi: 10.1155/2021/6638083.
13.    Adekoya I, Njobeh P, Obadina A, Landschoot S, Audenaert K, Okoth S, Boevre MD, Saeger SD. Investigation of the metabolic profile and toxigenic variability of fungal species occurring in fermented foods and beverage from nigeria and South Africa using UPLC-MS/MS. Toxins. 2019;11(2). Doi: 10.3390/toxins11020085.
14.    Parkinson G. Modern Science. Surrealism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 2021. DOI: 10.1017/9781108862639.005.
15.    Tadele F, Demissie B, Amsalu A, Demelash H, Mengist Z, Ambelu A, Yenew C. Aflatoxin contamination of animal feeds and its predictors among dairy farms in Northwest Ethiopia: One Health approach implications. Frontiers in veterinary sciene. 2023;1–8. Doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1123573.
16.    Sadam SMY, Malaka R, Baco S, Mustabi J. Aflatoxin M1 in Milk: Occurrence and Its Risk Association: A Review. Hasanuddin Journal of Animal Science (HAJAS). 2022;4(2):68–81. Doi: 10.20956/hajas.v4i2.22097.
17.    Sukmawati D, Setyaningsih A, Handayanik T, Rahayu S, Rustam Y, Moersilah M, et al. Isolation and characterization of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. from maize of livestock feed from Bogor. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Institute of Physics Publishing. 2018;434:1–8. Doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012105.
18.    Anidah, Rahayu WP, Nurjanah S, Retnowati I. Molecular characterization of aspergillus flavus toxigenicity in agricultural commodities in Indonesia. Biotropia. 2023;30(2):195–205. Doi: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1842.
19.    Ceniti C, Costanzo N, Spina AA, Rodolfi M, Tilocca B, Piras C, Britti D, Morittu VM. Fungal Contamination and Aflatoxin B1 Detected in Hay for Dairy Cows in South Italy. Front Nutr. 2021;8:704976. Doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.704976.
20.    Topi D, Spahiu J, Rexhepi A, Marku N. Two-year survey of aflatoxin M1 in milk marketed in Albania, and human exposure assessment. Food Control. 2022 Jun 1;136.
21.    Diogenes LCG, Kluczkovski AM, Goes AFF, Pinto S de CB, Araujo CF, Kluczkovski-Junior A. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Risk Assessment in Bovine Milk from the Amazon Region. J Food Res. 2023;12(2):23. Doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.025.
22.    Sarmast E, Fallah AA, Jafari T, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Impacts of unit operation of cheese manufacturing on the aflatoxin M1 level: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lwt. 2021;148:111772. Doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111772. 
23.    Mousavi Khaneghah A, Moosavi M, Omar SS, Oliveira CAF, Karimi-Dehkordi M, Fakhri Y, Huseyn E, Nematollahi A, Faharani M, Sant’Ana AS. The prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 among different types of cheeses: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Food Control. 2021;125:107960. Doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107960.
24.    Oktavianty O, Hamdala I, Putro WW. Risk Analysis of Environmentally Friendly Milk Production Process with GMP and HACCP. International Conference on Innovation and Technology. 2021:93–101. Doi: 10.2991/aer.k.211221.012.
25.    Omeiza GK, Kabir J, Kwaga JKP, Kwanashie CN, Mwanza M, Ngoma L. A risk assessment study of the occurrence and distribution of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 in dairy cattle feeds in a central northern state, Nigeria. Toxicol Rep. 2018;5:846–856. Doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.011.